MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

24 pages, 28809 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

New Cases of Teratology, Albinism, Abnormal Pigmentation, Gynandromorphism, and Injury Healing in Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

by Danniella Sherwood, Victoria Tang, Julien Tchilinguirian, Ludivine Lamare, Seth Croffy, Mark Stockmann, Jay Keller and Valerio Gerace

Arthropoda 2024, 2(4), 226-249; https://doi.org/10.3390/arthropoda2040017 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Eighteen new cases of teratology and other abnormalities within scorpions are presented, representing new cases of metasomal duplication, mesosomal anomaly, telson anomaly, albinism, and abnormal pigmentation. Furthermore, recently published literature on other scorpion anomalies are tabulated to update the recent 2023 checklist of [...] Read more.

Eighteen new cases of teratology and other abnormalities within scorpions are presented, representing new cases of metasomal duplication, mesosomal anomaly, telson anomaly, albinism, and abnormal pigmentation. Furthermore, recently published literature on other scorpion anomalies are tabulated to update the recent 2023 checklist of scorpion teratology which charted all known literature up to the aforementioned work. Full article

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14 pages, 4721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visibility of Intracranial Perforating Arteries Using Ultra-High-Resolution Photon-Counting Detector Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography

by Takashi Okazaki, Tetsu Niwa, Ryoichi Yoshida, Takatoshi Sorimachi and Jun Hashimoto

Tomography 2024, 10(12), 1867-1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography10120136 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) offers energy-resolved CT data with enhanced resolution, reduced electronic noise, and improved tissue contrast. This study aimed to evaluate the visibility of intracranial perforating arteries on ultra-high-resolution (UHR) CT angiography (CTA) on PCD-CT. Methods: A retrospective analysis [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) offers energy-resolved CT data with enhanced resolution, reduced electronic noise, and improved tissue contrast. This study aimed to evaluate the visibility of intracranial perforating arteries on ultra-high-resolution (UHR) CT angiography (CTA) on PCD-CT. Methods: A retrospective analysis of intracranial UHR PCD-CTA was performed for 30 patients. The image quality from four UHR PCD-CTA reconstruction methods [kernel Hv40 and Hv72, with and without quantum iterative reconstruction (QIR)] was assessed for the lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) and pontine arteries (PAs). A subjective evaluation included peripheral visibility, vessel sharpness, and image noise, while objective analysis focused on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Results: Peripheral LSAs were well visualized across all reconstruction methods, with no significant differences between them. Vessel sharpness and image noise varied significantly (p < 0.0001); sharper LSAs and more noise were seen with kernel Hv72 compared to kernel Hv40 (p < 0.05). A similar pattern was observed for PAs, though peripheral visibility was lower than that for LSAs. The SNR and CNR were the highest in the presence of kernel Hv72 with QIR, and lowest with kernel Hv72 without QIR, compared to kernel Hv40 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: UHR PCD-CTA provided a good visualization of the intracranial perforating arteries, particularly LSAs. The vessel sharpness and image noise varied by reconstruction method, in which kernel Hv72 with QIR offered the optimal visualization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Brain Imaging)

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14 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessReview

Distraction Osteogenesis: A Comprehensive Review

by Babapelumi Adejuyigbe, Mohini Gharpure, Charlotte F. Wahle and Jennifer R. Kallini

Appl. Biosci. 2024, 3(4), 503-516; https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci3040032 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a process which uses the bone’s natural healing tendencies to repair and lengthen pathologic, missing, or malformed bone. The mechanism of DO mimics the pathway that the body uses in any other fracture repair however the location of the [...] Read more.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a process which uses the bone’s natural healing tendencies to repair and lengthen pathologic, missing, or malformed bone. The mechanism of DO mimics the pathway that the body uses in any other fracture repair however the location of the fracture is carefully controlled by a surgical osteotomy. Postoperatively, the bone is allowed to begin its natural healing process, with the lengthener applying constant tension and thus re-initiating the process of healing along the length of the distraction gap. Current clinical indications for DO include limb length discrepancy, congenital bone length deformity, large bone defects, and extremity reconstruction due to hypoplasia or limb salvage procedures. The risks of DO include soft tissue complications, relapse or improper correction, cost or resource-related challenges, and psychosocial stigmas surrounding long treatment durations and the necessity of wearing the distraction lengthening hardware. Future directions for DO include supplements to the bone regeneration process (such as growth factors and/or mechanical stimulation) or improvements to the distractor device itself (changes in material and/or the structure of the device itself). This review aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the indications, underlying biological mechanisms, and practical considerations when implementing the use of distraction osteogenesis in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine: From Methods to Applications)

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16 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Bi-Combination of GGBS and PFA on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

by Qusai Al-Waked, Amin Almasri, Jiping Bai, Mohammad Aljaberi, Fandi Al-Waked and Ahmad Al-Waked

Waste 2024, 2(4), 474-489; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste2040025 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

The main thrust of the current study is to examine the effects of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), pulverized fuel ash (PFA), and bi-combination of GGBS and PFA on the mechanical properties of concrete. Seven concrete mixes were carried out in this study; [...] Read more.

The main thrust of the current study is to examine the effects of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), pulverized fuel ash (PFA), and bi-combination of GGBS and PFA on the mechanical properties of concrete. Seven concrete mixes were carried out in this study; including the control mix and the other six mixes had supplementary cementitious materials (GGBS, and PFA) as partial replacement of Portland cement at different replacement levels. The physical properties, oxides, and chemical composition of OPC, GGBS and PFA were experimentally investigated. The workability of the fresh concrete mixes was carried out by means of slump test and compaction index test. This study also examined the compressive strength of the different concrete mixes at different curing ages along with the splitting tensile strength. Cost analysis and the environmental impact of the different concrete mixes was also evaluated. The study results showed that the workability was significantly improved through the replacement of cement with PFA and GGBS. The utilisation of fly ash at 30% replacement level achieved the highest workability. The highest compressive strength was achieved by concrete mixes replacing 30% GGBS with cement, and a bi-combination of 10% PFA and 20% GGBS. The results also showed that the bi-combination of fly ash and GGBS at 10% and 20% replacement level was found to be favorable in terms of both cost and environmental impact. Full article

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9 pages, 1042 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Long Working Hours and Unhealthy Lifestyles of Workers: A Protocol for a Scoping Review

by Seong-Uk Baek, Jong-Uk Won and Jin-Ha Yoon

Merits 2024, 4(4), 431-439; https://doi.org/10.3390/merits4040030 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Poor lifestyle behaviors, including unhealthy dietary habits, lack of physical activity, smoking, inadequate and poor-quality sleep, and alcohol consumption, are well-documented risk factors for health deterioration. Previous studies have suggested that such undesirable lifestyle behaviors may mediate the effects of long working hours [...] Read more.

Poor lifestyle behaviors, including unhealthy dietary habits, lack of physical activity, smoking, inadequate and poor-quality sleep, and alcohol consumption, are well-documented risk factors for health deterioration. Previous studies have suggested that such undesirable lifestyle behaviors may mediate the effects of long working hours on negative health outcomes. This protocol paper aims to introduce and outline the methods for this scoping review. The proposed scoping review will map the existing research on the relationship between working hours and lifestyle behaviors, identifying areas and gaps in the evidence that warrant further investigation. This review will include only peer-reviewed, published articles written in English. All studies examining the relationship or effects of working hours on the five a priori defined major lifestyle components will be considered (diet, physical activity, tobacco use, sleep, and alcohol use), without restrictions on region, publication year, or study design. This review will be performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The databases will include MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. The search equation will be structured to include the topic of working hours while also encompassing at least one of the five lifestyle topics: physical activity, diet, sleep, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. Two reviewers will screen the articles and extract pertinent data. This investigation will primarily focus on evaluating the existing evidence and identifying any gaps in understanding the relationship between working hours and each lifestyle component. A narrative summary will be presented to explain the findings of the included studies. Full article

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12 pages, 774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Santa Clara Ethics Scale (SCES) in Nursing Students: The Role of Ethics as a Protector of Student Compassion

by Gabriel Vidal-Blanco, Javier Sánchez-Ruiz, Laura Galiana, Antonia Pades and Noemí Sansó

Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(4), 3631-3642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14040265 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Ethics is one of the essential concepts associated with professional nursing practice, and can play a part in the development of compassion. Although a number of instruments have been developed for the measurement of ethics, most are context-specific or excessively lengthy. The [...] Read more.

Background: Ethics is one of the essential concepts associated with professional nursing practice, and can play a part in the development of compassion. Although a number of instruments have been developed for the measurement of ethics, most are context-specific or excessively lengthy. The Santa Clara Ethics Scale (SCES) overcomes these problems. The goal is to translate, adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the Santa Clara Ethics Scale and to study the role of ethics, as a moral resource, in the prediction of the levels of compassion of nursing students. Methods: This study is a translation, adaptation, and validation study, with a cross-sectional design. A total of 924 Spanish nursing students participated in this study. Ethics and compassion for others were measured. Analyses included a confirmatory factor analysis, reliability estimates, and a structural equation model in which ethics explained the five correlated dimensions of compassion for others. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis had an adequate fit: χ²(35) = 173.56 (p < 0.01), CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.07 [90% CI = 0.06, 0.08], and SRMR = 0.05. Internal consistency was adequate (α = 0.74; ω = 0.83). The predictive model pointed to positive and statistically significant relationships between ethics and all dimensions of compassion for others. Conclusions: The SCES can be considered a suitable instrument for the assessment of ethics in the Spanish nursing population and, thus, can be used as a tool for the measurement of key ethical competencies during the nursing degree. Moreover, the development of ethics is likely to improve the compassion levels of students. Ethics is, then, a key internal resource for both nursing students’ compassionate care skills and, consequently, must be taken into account when redefining nursing students’ curricula. Full article

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15 pages, 3340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facilitating Endorsement Efficacy: The Interplay of Parasocial Interaction, Product Placement, and Influencer Type

by Wanqi Gong, Wenqing Ye and Shubin Yu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2024, 19(4), 3214-3228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19040156 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Social media platforms fostering a closer and more intimate bond between celebrities and their fan bases has opened up diverse avenues for product placement. In light of this, this study endeavors to explore the profound influence of parasocial interaction (PSI) and product placement [...] Read more.

Social media platforms fostering a closer and more intimate bond between celebrities and their fan bases has opened up diverse avenues for product placement. In light of this, this study endeavors to explore the profound influence of parasocial interaction (PSI) and product placement on the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement within the social media landscape. The results derived from an online experiment unveil the positive impact of parasocial interaction on consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention. Notably, the potency of PSI is enhanced when product placement is prominent. The results also uncover the crucial role of brand recall as a mediator in the relationship between parasocial interaction and endorsement outcomes. These findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms governing the influence of parasocial interaction and social media celebrity types in the realm of social media endorsement while also providing valuable insights into the moderating role of product placement. From a practical standpoint, the results underscore the critical importance of carefully selecting celebrity endorsers and strategically positioning products. Armed with this knowledge, marketers and advertisers can better explore the complex landscape of social media endorsement with greater efficacy and precision. Full article

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10 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessEntry

AI-Driven Non-Destructive Testing Insights

by Amine el Mahdi Safhi, Gilberto Cidreira Keserle and Stéphanie C. Blanchard

Encyclopedia 2024, 4(4), 1760-1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040116 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Definition

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is essential for evaluating the integrity and safety of structures without causing damage. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into traditional NDT methods can revolutionize the field by automating data analysis, enhancing defect detection accuracy, enabling predictive maintenance, and facilitating [...] Read more.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is essential for evaluating the integrity and safety of structures without causing damage. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into traditional NDT methods can revolutionize the field by automating data analysis, enhancing defect detection accuracy, enabling predictive maintenance, and facilitating data-driven decision-making. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of AI-enhanced NDT, detailing AI models and their applications in techniques like ultrasonic testing and ground-penetrating radar. Case studies demonstrate that AI can improve defect detection accuracy and reduce inspection times. Challenges related to data quality, ethical considerations, and regulatory standards were discussed as well. By summarizing established knowledge and highlighting advancements, this paper serves as a valuable reference for engineers and researchers, contributing to the development of safer and more efficient infrastructure management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering)

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8 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessEntry

Empowering Healthcare Leaders: Coaching for Leadership Development

by Ziad Hunaiti

Encyclopedia 2024, 4(4), 1752-1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040115 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Definition

Coaching is a dynamic, evolving field that seeks to unlock individuals’ potential to achieve their personal and professional best. It has gained widespread recognition across various sectors as an effective means of leadership skills development, including in the vital healthcare sector, which requires [...] Read more.

Coaching is a dynamic, evolving field that seeks to unlock individuals’ potential to achieve their personal and professional best. It has gained widespread recognition across various sectors as an effective means of leadership skills development, including in the vital healthcare sector, which requires innovative strategies to build leadership skills that can sustain high-quality services and maintain patient safety. Many healthcare organizations have thus embraced coaching as a valuable tool for leadership development. This review presents the definitions, concepts, methodology, and applications of coaching, and identifies its salient characteristics in relation to other professions. The second section of this study focuses on a literature review, specifically examining coaching in the healthcare industry and its role as a method for leadership development. The outcome from the review offers insights and results from a review of related research, specifically identifying the potential for coaching within healthcare and its effectiveness in leadership development. The information gathered from this study provides valuable guidance to healthcare leaders and organizations seeking to implement coaching practices in their leadership development programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)

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13 pages, 1662 KiB

Open AccessEntry

Life Satisfaction and Its Relation to Leisure and Self-Reported Health with an Example from Mexico

by Fernando Sánchez and Abraham Chimal

Encyclopedia 2024, 4(4), 1739-1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040114 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Definition

Life satisfaction is a concept related to an individual’s evaluation of their life, which is determined by taking into account all of the aspects that could affect it. Such an evaluation usually takes into consideration more than just economic conditions. In this paper, [...] Read more.

Life satisfaction is a concept related to an individual’s evaluation of their life, which is determined by taking into account all of the aspects that could affect it. Such an evaluation usually takes into consideration more than just economic conditions. In this paper, we present the relationship of life satisfaction with two of its main determinants, namely, self-reported health and leisure satisfaction. To exemplify this relationship, we utilize data from Mexico. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)

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18 pages, 1147 KiB

Open AccessEntry

Understanding the Gut-Heart Axis in Roemheld Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights

by Bryan J. Mathis, Ryuji Suzuki, Yukihito Kuroda, Hideyuki Kato and Yuji Hiramatsu

Encyclopedia 2024, 4(4), 1721-1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040113 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Definition

This entry reviews the health condition known as Roemheld syndrome, or gastrocardiac syndrome in modern medicine. A pathology of gastrointestinal origin, the syndrome relies on a gut–brain–heart triad, interconnected by the vagus nerve. Pressure from the intestines pushes the stomach into the diaphragm [...] Read more.

This entry reviews the health condition known as Roemheld syndrome, or gastrocardiac syndrome in modern medicine. A pathology of gastrointestinal origin, the syndrome relies on a gut–brain–heart triad, interconnected by the vagus nerve. Pressure from the intestines pushes the stomach into the diaphragm and activates the vagus nerve, which affects the heart rate and gives the perception of cardiac issues. This distressing sensation, which usually comes after meals or with other digestive problems, causes anxiety or panic. Although events not arising from anatomic abnormalities are relatively harmless, hypersensitivity to these uncomfortable sensations may precipitate psychiatric problems (anxiety or depression) that cause repeated gastrocardiac events through sympathetic activation and the disruption of peristalsis. Treatment is usually symptomatic and may include diet, lifestyle changes, probiotics, or prescriptions that increase gut motility, but this specific set of reproducible symptoms may also be caused by hiatal hernia or side effects from medication/surgery and treated with respect to those mechanical causes. This review highlights details from the most current knowledge of the condition and offers suggestions for clinical management based on the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicine & Pharmacology)

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10 pages, 1265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Cognitive Disorders in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) After Ischemic Stroke: Secondary Data Analysis from the Improved Health Care in Neurology and Psychiatry—Longer Life (IHCNP) Study

by Dragoș-Cătălin Jianu, Ligia Petrica, Traian Flavius Dan, Georgiana Munteanu, Bianca Bora, Sergiu Florin Arnăutu, Sorin Ursoniu, Diana Chira, Ștefan Strilciuc, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu and Dafin Fior Mureșanu

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(6), 1626-1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16060118 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: The Improved Health Care in Neurology and Psychiatry—Longer Life (IHCNP) study was an 18-month prospective, observational, non-interventional research study focused on patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) following ischemic stroke. Objectives: Our secondary analysis of the IHCNP data aimed to document the [...] Read more.

Background: The Improved Health Care in Neurology and Psychiatry—Longer Life (IHCNP) study was an 18-month prospective, observational, non-interventional research study focused on patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) following ischemic stroke. Objectives: Our secondary analysis of the IHCNP data aimed to document the progression of MCI in this patient group. Methods: A total of 100 patients from Romania were recruited, all of whom underwent cognitive assessments using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Clinical evaluations were also conducted as part of the study. Baseline cognitive scores were recorded, and subsequent follow-ups documented cognitive changes over time. Results: At baseline, cognitive scores indicated mild impairment, with averages of MMSE 25.41, MoCA 23.27, and RAVLT 33.63. By the end of the study, patients exhibited a significant cognitive decline, with MMSE scores dropping by 8.7%, MoCA by 10.0%, and RAVLT by 29.5% (p < 0.0001 for all measures), reflecting the progressive nature of MCI post-stroke. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis and intervention to mitigate cognitive decline in post-stroke patients. The study underscores the need for ongoing cognitive monitoring to improve patient outcomes and manage MCI progression effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues in Vascular Cognitive Impairment)

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15 pages, 16719 KiB

Open AccessReview

Macamides as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Neurological Disorders

by Karin J. Vera-López, Gonzalo Davila-Del-Carpio and Rita Nieto-Montesinos

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(6), 1611-1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16060117 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Therapeutic treatment of nervous system disorders has represented one of the significant challenges in medicine for the past several decades. Technological and medical advances have made it possible to recognize different neurological disorders, which has led to more precise identification of potential therapeutic [...] Read more.

Therapeutic treatment of nervous system disorders has represented one of the significant challenges in medicine for the past several decades. Technological and medical advances have made it possible to recognize different neurological disorders, which has led to more precise identification of potential therapeutic targets, in turn leading to research into developing drugs aimed at these disorders. In this sense, recent years have seen an increase in exploration of the therapeutic effects of various metabolites extracted from Maca (Lepidium meyenii), a plant native to the central alpine region of Peru. Among the most important secondary metabolites contained in this plant are macamides, molecules derived from N-benzylamides of long-chain fatty acids. Macamides have been proposed as active drugs to treat some neurological disorders. Their excellent human tolerance and low toxicity along with neuroprotective, immune-enhancing, and and antioxidant properties make them ideal for exploration as therapeutic agents. In this review, we have compiled information from various studies on macamides, along with theories about the metabolic pathways on which they act. Full article

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26 pages, 5841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitization and Habituation of Hyper-Excitation to Constant Presentation of Pattern-Glare Stimuli

by Thomas Jefferis, Cihan Dogan, Claire E. Miller, Maria Karathanou, Austyn Tempesta, Andrew J. Schofield and Howard Bowman

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(6), 1585-1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16060116 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pattern glare, associated with cortical hyperexcitability, induces visual distortions and discomfort, particularly in individuals susceptible to migraines or epilepsy. While previous research has primarily focused on transient EEG responses to patterned stimuli, this study aims to investigate how continuous presentation of pattern-glare [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pattern glare, associated with cortical hyperexcitability, induces visual distortions and discomfort, particularly in individuals susceptible to migraines or epilepsy. While previous research has primarily focused on transient EEG responses to patterned stimuli, this study aims to investigate how continuous presentation of pattern-glare stimuli affects neural adaptation over both fine (seconds) and coarse (entire experiment) temporal scales. Methods: EEG recordings were obtained from 40 healthy participants exposed to horizontal square-wave gratings at three spatial frequencies presented continuously for three seconds each across multiple trials. Participants’ susceptibility to visual stress, headaches, and discomfort was assessed using questionnaires before and during the experiment. The experiment employed a two-by-two design to evaluate habituation (exponentially decreasing response) and sensitisation (exponentially increasing response) effects at two different time granularities. Mass univariate analysis with cluster-based permutation tests was conducted to identify significant brain response changes during the period of constant stimulation, which we call the DC-shift period. Results: Significant effects were observed during the DC-shift period, indicating sustained hyper-excitation to the medium-pattern glare stimulus. In particular, the mean/intercept analysis revealed a consistent positive-going response to the medium stimulus throughout the DC-shift period, suggesting continued neural engagement. Participants reporting higher discomfort exhibited sensitisation at fine temporal granularity and habituation at coarser temporal granularity. These effects were predominantly localised to the right posterior scalp regions. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that individuals sensitive to pattern-glare stimuli exhibit dynamic neural adaptation characterised by short-term sensitisation and long-term habituation. These findings enhance the understanding of cortical hyperexcitability mechanisms and may inform future interventions for visual-stress-related conditions, such as migraines and epilepsy. Further research is needed to explore the underlying neural processes and validate these effects in clinical populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders, Second Edition)

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14 pages, 4012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Analysis of Borehole Data for Geotechnical Insights

by Amichai Mitelman

Geotechnics 2024, 4(4), 1175-1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4040060 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

This paper explores the use of machine learning (ML) to analyze borehole data aiming to enhance geotechnical insights, using the Gaza Strip as a case study. The data set consists of 632 boreholes, with features including spatial coordinates, ground level, and soil type [...] Read more.

This paper explores the use of machine learning (ML) to analyze borehole data aiming to enhance geotechnical insights, using the Gaza Strip as a case study. The data set consists of 632 boreholes, with features including spatial coordinates, ground level, and soil type per depth. A random forest (RF) classification model was applied to predict soil types, achieving an accuracy of approximately 75%. Notably, the model retained this accuracy even when the data set size was reduced to 30%, suggesting predictable subsurface conditions over large areas. A comparative analysis of common misclassifications revealed that errors mostly occurred between similar soil types, indicating the model’s ability to capture meaningful geological patterns. Unsupervised learning using k-means clustering revealed no clear-cut boundaries between clusters, indicating localized geological anomalies despite large-scale predictability. These findings align with the demonstrated stability of the Gaza Tunnel Network (GTN), a vast network of tunnels which was constructed without comprehensive site investigations. This study demonstrates the potential of ML to improve geotechnical assessments and suggests that fewer boreholes may be needed for large-scale projects, offering cost-saving opportunities. For future research, it is recommended to integrate advanced ML tools, including large language models (LLMs) for analyzing qualitative data from borehole logs, and interpretability methods to enhance model explainability, thus enhancing geological understanding and increasing predictive power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Geotechnical Engineering (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Comminution Process Modeling in Mineral Processing: A Conjoint Analysis Approach for Implementing Neural Networks with Limited Data

by Carlos Moraga, César A. Astudillo, Rodrigo Estay and Alicia Maranek

Mining 2024, 4(4), 966-982; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4040054 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Mineral processing is a crucial stage in the mining process, involving comminution and concentration stages. Comminution is modeled using various ore variables and operational parameters, representing a complex system. An alternative to simplifying the complexity of these stages is adopting machine learning (ML) [...] Read more.

Mineral processing is a crucial stage in the mining process, involving comminution and concentration stages. Comminution is modeled using various ore variables and operational parameters, representing a complex system. An alternative to simplifying the complexity of these stages is adopting machine learning (ML) techniques; however, ML often requires a substantial amount of data for effective training and validation. The conjoint analysis methodology was used to develop a procedure for discretizing input variables and reducing the data needed for training neural networks, requiring only 77 different scenarios. Using the results from a comminution plant simulator built in Matlab Simulink, neural networks were trained to predict the key output parameters, such as the water consumption, energy consumption, operational parameters, and particle size generated by the plant. The predictive capability of the neural networks was excellent, achieving R² > 0.99 in all cases. The networks were tested with a new set of scenarios to assess their response to values not categorized in the discretization process, achieving R² > 0.98. However, the prediction capability was lost for out-of-range input variables. This approach is attractive for developing easy-to-implement ML tools capable of representing complex systems without needing large amounts of input data, thereby simplifying the modeling process in mineral processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Automation and New Technologies)

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Graphical abstract

21 pages, 9489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Tuning Method for a Lattice Compensated Wireless Power Transfer System

by Ebrahim Nasr Esfahani and Indranil Bhattacharya

Electricity 2024, 5(4), 895-915; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5040045 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study presents a new charging system with lattice compensation for wireless power transfer (WPT) applications. A mathematical model is developed for the proposed system to accurately estimate power transfer capabilities. Furthermore, a linear programming algorithm is used to find the proper values [...] Read more.

This study presents a new charging system with lattice compensation for wireless power transfer (WPT) applications. A mathematical model is developed for the proposed system to accurately estimate power transfer capabilities. Furthermore, a linear programming algorithm is used to find the proper values for lattice compensation, which helps achieve high efficiency over a wide range of loads and zero voltage switching (ZVS) for the proposed system. The approach is validated through analysis, modeling, and simulation of a 3-kilowatt WPT system. Additionally, a 200-watt prototype with a 100 mm air gap was built and tested, showing an efficiency of 86.3% during charging. This method eliminates the need for an auxiliary DC–DC converter, ensuring efficient charging across various load conditions. The prototype’s performance closely matches the simulation results, indicating its potential for scaling up to electric vehicle (EV) battery charging applications. Full article

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10 pages, 2068 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Ramsey-Theory-Based Approach to the Dynamics of Systems of Material Points

by Edward Bormashenko and Nir Shvalb

Dynamics 2024, 4(4), 845-854; https://doi.org/10.3390/dynamics4040043 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

We propose a Ramsey-theory-based approach for the analysis of the behavior of isolated mechanical systems containing interacting particles. The total momentum of the system in the frame of the center of masses is zero. The mechanical system is described by a Ramsey-theory-based, bi-colored, [...] Read more.

We propose a Ramsey-theory-based approach for the analysis of the behavior of isolated mechanical systems containing interacting particles. The total momentum of the system in the frame of the center of masses is zero. The mechanical system is described by a Ramsey-theory-based, bi-colored, complete graph. Vectors of momenta of the particles

{\vec{p}}_{i}

serve as the vertices of the graph. We start from the graph representing the system in the frame of the center of masses, where the momenta of the particles in this system are

{\vec{p}}_{c m i} .

If

{(\vec{p}}_{c m i} (t) \cdot {\vec{p}}_{c m j} (t)) \geq 0

is true, the vectors of momenta of the particles numbered i and j are connected with a red link; if

{(\vec{p}}_{c m i} (t) \cdot {\vec{p}}_{c m j} (t)) < 0

takes place, the vectors of momenta are connected with a green link. Thus, the complete, bi-colored graph emerges. Considering an isolated system built of six interacting particles, according to the Ramsey theorem, the graph inevitably comprises at least one monochromatic triangle. The coloring procedure is invariant relative to the rotations/translations of frames; thus, the graph representing the system contains at least one monochromatic triangle in any of the frames emerging from the rotation/translation of the original frame. This gives rise to a novel kind of mechanical invariant. Similar coloring is introduced for the angular momenta of the particles. However, the coloring procedure is sensitive to Galilean/Lorenz transformations. Extensions of the suggested approach are discussed. Full article

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9 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Tracking Moulting Patterns in Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica): A Seven-Year Study at Oceanário de Lisboa

by Irene B. Sempere, Ana S. Ferreira and Núria D. Baylina

J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2024, 5(4), 745-753; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg5040049 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Moulting is a crucial yet challenging life-history trait to study in seabirds, particularly in the wild. Public aquariums offer valuable opportunities to collect detailed data, which, although not directly transferable to wild populations, provide important insights. At Oceanário de Lisboa, six Fratercula arctica [...] Read more.

Moulting is a crucial yet challenging life-history trait to study in seabirds, particularly in the wild. Public aquariums offer valuable opportunities to collect detailed data, which, although not directly transferable to wild populations, provide important insights. At Oceanário de Lisboa, six Fratercula arctica individuals were monitored over seven years to document moulting patterns. The start and end of each moult were consistently recorded around the spring and autumn equinoxes. Pre-alternate moults lasted between 17 and 73 days, while pre-basic moults ranged from 11 to 48 days, with primary moults occurring between the two. This study is the first to document an asynchrony between the primary and the pre-alternate moults in F. arctica, highlighting a previously unreported aspect of the species’ moulting process. This seven-year time series and its findings prompt a call for action for further studies in controlled conditions, to investigate this pattern under different conditions and across puffins’ life stages. Such data could be crucial for developing more effective conservation strategies for this vulnerable species. These findings emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and research on ex situ puffin populations to expand our understanding of their moulting behaviour and its implications for wild populations. Full article

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13 pages, 3147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue by Surface-Modified SnO₂/Se-Doped QDs

by Luis Alamo-Nole and Sonia J. Bailon-Ruiz

Micro 2024, 4(4), 721-733; https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040044 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Developing new nanomaterials and performing functionalization to increase their photocatalytic capacity are essential in developing low-cost, eco-friendly, and multipurpose-capacity catalysts. In this research, SnO₂/Se-doped quantum dots (QDs) covered with glycerol (SnO₂/Se-GLY) were synthesized using microwave irradiation. Then, their cover [...] Read more.

Developing new nanomaterials and performing functionalization to increase their photocatalytic capacity are essential in developing low-cost, eco-friendly, and multipurpose-capacity catalysts. In this research, SnO₂/Se-doped quantum dots (QDs) covered with glycerol (SnO₂/Se-GLY) were synthesized using microwave irradiation. Then, their cover was replaced with glutaraldehyde through a ligand exchange procedure (SnO₂/Se-GLUT). The XRD analyses confirmed a tetragonal rutile structure of SnO₂. The HR-TEM analysis confirmed the generation of QDs with a size around 8 nm, and the optical analysis evidenced low bandgap energies of 3.25 and 3.26 eV for the SnO₂/Se-GLY and SnO₂/Se-GLUT QDs, respectively. Zeta-sizer analysis showed that the hydrodynamic sizes for both nanoparticles were around 230 nm (50 mg/L), and the zeta potential confirmed that SnO₂/Se-GLUT QDs were more stable than SnO₂/Se-GLY QDs. The cover-modified QDs (SnO₂/Se-GLUT) showed a higher and faster adsorption capacity, followed by a slower photocatalytic process than the original QDs (SnO₂/Se-GLY). The QTOF-LC-MS analysis confirmed MB degradation through the identification of intermediates such as azure A, azure B, azure C, and phenothiazine. Adsorption isotherm analysis indicated Langmuir model compliance, supporting the high monolayer adsorption capacity and efficiency of these QDs as adsorbent/photocatalytic agents for organic pollutant removal. This dual capability for adsorption and photodegradation, along with the demonstrated reusability, highlights the potential of SnO₂/Se QDs in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Micro- and Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Applications)

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22 pages, 15709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Measurement Systems’ Suitability for the Non-Destructive Measurement of Complex Polymer-Based Micro and Nanostructures

by Selina Burkert, Lukas Schwörer, Tim Schubert, Jana Grundmann, David Stein and Andreas Heinrich

Metrology 2024, 4(4), 673-694; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4040040 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the fabrication of optical polymer-based components, such as diffractive gratings and waveguides, high throughput and high precision are required. The non-destructive evaluation of these complex polymer-based structures is a significant challenge. Different measurement techniques can measure the structure geometry directly or via [...] Read more.

In the fabrication of optical polymer-based components, such as diffractive gratings and waveguides, high throughput and high precision are required. The non-destructive evaluation of these complex polymer-based structures is a significant challenge. Different measurement techniques can measure the structure geometry directly or via its functionality indirectly. This study investigates various measurement techniques aimed at assessing these structures from 200 nm up to 20 µm. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), white light interferometry (WLI), atomic force microscopy (AFM), micro computed tomography (µCT), optical coherence tomography (OCT), phase contrast microscopy (PCM), and Mueller matrix ellipsometry (MME) are investigated for their practical limits of lateral resolution and aspect ratio. The impact of the specimens’ complexity factors, including structure width and aspect ratio, on measurement quality is discussed. A particular focus of this study is on the suitability of different measurement systems for evaluating undercuts and enclosed structures while considering structure size, slant angle, and cover thickness. The aim is to discuss the specific advantages of the individual measurement systems and their application areas in order to be able to quickly select suitable measurement systems for a non-destructive evaluation of polymer-based micro and nanostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Optical Measurement Devices and Technologies)

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13 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Circulating X-Chromosome Inactivation and Xist as Biomarkers in Female Carriers of Fabry Disease

by Salvatore Rossi, Arcangelo Fargnoli, Daniele Di Natale, Gianmarco Dalla Zanna, Antonio Funcis, Federica Re, Vincenza Gragnaniello, Elena Verrecchia, Alberto Burlina, Elisabetta Tabolacci and Gabriella Silvestri

Int. J. Transl. Med. 2024, 4(4), 618-630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm4040043 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Fabry Disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal disease, in which, unlike other X-linked disorders, most female carriers manifest signs or symptoms for unknown reasons. Objectives: Herein, we aimed to test the potential role of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in leukocytes as a prognostic [...] Read more.

Background: Fabry Disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal disease, in which, unlike other X-linked disorders, most female carriers manifest signs or symptoms for unknown reasons. Objectives: Herein, we aimed to test the potential role of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in leukocytes as a prognostic biomarker of disease in FD female carriers. Moreover, we explored if levels of X-inactive-specific transcript (Xist), a long non-coding RNA driving XCI, were detectable in the leukocytes of FD female carriers. Methods: We tested the XCI pattern in leukocytes on 33 consecutive females carrying pathogenic GLA variants. Disease severity was defined using the Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI). Xist levels in leukocytes were assessed by real-time PCR and compared to the levels of 22 controls. Results: XCI was obtained for 31 female patients, finding 16 skewed (51.6%) individuals. Global MSSI did not differ in skewed vs. non-skewed FD carriers. In skewed FD females, the renal function and mean cardiologic MSSI subscore were significantly worse, and systemic arterial hypertension was more frequent. Xist levels detected in leukocytes were similar between female patients and controls, and did not differ by phenotype or XCI status. Conclusions: A skewed XCI pattern in leukocytes may represent a prognostic biomarker of worse renal and cardiac outcomes in female FD carriers. Full article

9 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Percutaneous Computed Tomography-Guided Cryoablation as a Treatment Option in Patients with Small Renal Masses: A 10 Year Experience in a Single Center

by Luca Marinelli, Sara Mercogliano, Oscar Selvaggio, Giuseppe Carrieri, Raffaele Sorrentino, Paola Mangano, Gianluca Prencipe, Luca Macarini, Grazia Casavecchia and Matteo Gravina

Radiation 2024, 4(4), 346-354; https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040026 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: To evaluate p-Cry in 10 years as a feasible and radical approach in patients with small renal masses (<5 cm), we evaluated technical success, side effects, and survival rates. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 421 patients with small renal masses (<5 [...] Read more.

Background: To evaluate p-Cry in 10 years as a feasible and radical approach in patients with small renal masses (<5 cm), we evaluated technical success, side effects, and survival rates. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 421 patients with small renal masses (<5 cm) with a median age of 70 years (47–92 C.I.) between June 2014 and July 2024 at our department. We also evaluated side effects, surgical radicality, and therapeutic outcomes of renal functions. Survivals were also evaluated in terms of disease-free, metastasis-free, and cancer-related survival rates. Results: Median follow-up was 90 months (1–120 months C.I.), and median size of the tumor was 3.85 cm (1–4 C.I.). Two cryoprobes were used in median, and two 10-min freeze–thaw cycles were performed. The technical efficacy rate was 100%, whereas only one of 121 lesions required retreatment. No impact on the renal function was registered after p-Cry. Cancer-free survival and metastases-free survival was reached. Conclusions: Compared to surgery, p-Cry is a feasible treatment option in patients with small renal masses, as it does not affect renal function and gives patients good survival rates. Full article

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16 pages, 4570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Possibility to Combine Deep Learning Neural Networks for Recognition of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Optoelectronic Surveillance Channels

by Vladislav Semenyuk, Ildar Kurmashev, Dmitriy Alyoshin, Liliya Kurmasheva, Vasiliy Serbin and Alessandro Cantelli-Forti

Modelling 2024, 5(4), 1773-1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling5040092 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

This article explores the challenges of integrating two deep learning neural networks, YOLOv5 and RT-DETR, to enhance the recognition of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) within the optical-electronic channels of Sensor Fusion systems. The authors conducted an experimental study to test YOLOv5 and Faster [...] Read more.

This article explores the challenges of integrating two deep learning neural networks, YOLOv5 and RT-DETR, to enhance the recognition of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) within the optical-electronic channels of Sensor Fusion systems. The authors conducted an experimental study to test YOLOv5 and Faster RT-DETR in order to identify the average accuracy of UAV recognition. A dataset in the form of images of two classes of objects, UAVs, and birds, was prepared in advance. The total number of images, including augmentation, amounted to 6337. The authors implemented training, verification, and testing of the neural networks exploiting PyCharm 2024 IDE. Inference testing was conducted using six videos with UAV flights. On all test videos, RT-DETR-R50 was more accurate by an average of 18.7% in terms of average classification accuracy (Pc). In terms of operating speed, YOLOv5 was 3.4 ms more efficient. It has been established that the use of RT-DETR as the only module for UAV classification in optical-electronic detection channels is not effective due to the large volumes of calculations, which is due to the relatively large number of parameters. Based on the obtained results, an algorithm for combining two neural networks is proposed, which allows for increasing the accuracy of UAV and bird classification without significant losses in speed. Full article

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